Different fields of civil engineering

Surveying
Geotechnical engineering
Construction technology
Structural engineering
Building materials
Hydraulics
Water resource
Irrigation engineering
Transportation engineering
Environmental engineering.

Surveying:

Surveying is basic to engineering. Before any engineering work can be started, we must prepare a plan or map of the area with topographical details, which involves both horizontal and vertical measurements.

Engineering surveys are defined by measurements of direction, distances and elevation, either by direct or indirect methods, to determine the relative positions of points above or below the earth's surface.

Geotechnical engineering:

Geotechnical engineering deals with the study of the properties, behaviour and use of earth materials i.e.., soils and rocks. It involves the application of principles of soil mechanics, foundation engineering, rock mechanics and engineering geology.

The applied engineering geology deals with the construction of civil engineering structures such as the construction of buildings, dams, bridges etc.

Construction technology:

Construction technology deals with the modern methods of construction, including appropriate use of building materials and its properties. Due to the rapid increase in the scientific technique, construction technology became very complex.

Structural engineering:

Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering deals with having a large variety of structures like dams, buildings, bridges, transport system, water and sewage system plants and many other types of constructed facilities.

The structural engineer plays an important role in the structural analysis and structural design, planning, designing, building the structure. He also plays an important role to build industrial production and manufacturing units.

Building material:

For the construction of structures, the wide range of materials called engineering materials is required.

Hydraulic engineering:

Hydraulic engineering s the oldest branch of science deals with the study of fluid behaviour at rest or in motion. The concept of fluid pressure, flow pattern, fluid static helps engineers to design and construct the structures like dams, bridges, reservoirs, sewage systems etc. this concept is also used for flow through pipes, pumps, turbines in hydropower generation etc.

Transportation engineering:

Transportation engineering is a sub-division of civil engineering, providing a safe, comfortable journey of people and goods from one place to another place through any mode of transport.

Transportation contributes to the economic, social, and cultural development of the country.

1) Land ways

a) Roadways or highways

b) Railway

c) Tramways

2) Waterways

3) Airways.

Water Resource Engineering:

Water is a very important natural resource, it is necessary to make proper, efficient use of this natural resource through technology to serve the nation or mankind. Water resource engineering involves the conception, planning, designing and operation of facilities to control and utilize the water.

The main scope of water resource engineering is the utilization of water in beneficial purpose by providing water supply, hydroelectric power development, irrigation and navigational improvement. Water pollution control is the main phase of water resource engineering.

Environmental engineering:

By using engineering principles, Environmental engineering deals with the protection and improvement of the quality of the environment for the protection of public health and welfare.

The main scope of environmental engineering is to inform public people about the

· Proper disposal or recycling of wastewater and solid wastes.

· The importance of protection and conservation of our environment.

· Control of air and noise pollution.

· Control water, soil and atmospheric pollution.

Irrigation engineering:

Irrigation may be defined as the artificial means of providing water to the soil for raising crops. Irrigation is not just limited to the application of water to soil but also watershed and agricultural farm. It deals with the design and construction of all works, such as dams, head regulators etc.

Different fields of civil engineering